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<title>DOS MZ executable</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DOS MZ executable</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">DOS MZ executable</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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.<a href="EXE" class="mw-redirect" title="EXE">exe</a>, .<a href="COM_file" title="COM file">com</a>, .<a href="Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">dll</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">application/x-dosexec, application/x-msdos-program, application/x-ms-dos-executable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code>4D 5A</code> (<code>MZ</code> in <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="Binary_file" title="Binary file">Binary</a>, <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executable</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="New_Executable" title="New Executable">New Executable</a><br><a href="Linear_Executable" title="Linear Executable">Linear Executable</a><br><a href="Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>DOS MZ executable</b> format is the <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> <a href="File_format" title="File format">file format</a> used for .<a href="EXE" class="mw-redirect" title="EXE">EXE</a> files in <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>.

</p><p>The file can be identified by the <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> string "MZ" (<a href="Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>: 4D 5A) at the beginning of the file (the "<a href="Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">magic number</a>"). "MZ" are the initials of <a href="Mark_Zbikowski" title="Mark Zbikowski">Mark Zbikowski</a>, one of the leading developers of <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The MZ DOS executable file is newer than the <a href="COM_file" title="COM file">COM executable format</a> and differs from it. The DOS executable <a href="Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> contains <a href="Relocation_(computing)" title="Relocation (computing)">relocation</a> information, which allows multiple segments to be loaded at arbitrary memory addresses, and it supports executables larger than 64k; however, the format still requires relatively low memory limits. These limits were later bypassed using <a href="DOS_extender" title="DOS extender">DOS extenders</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Segment_handling">Segment handling</h2></div>

<p>The environment of an EXE program run by DOS is found in its <a href="Program_Segment_Prefix" title="Program Segment Prefix">Program Segment Prefix</a>.

</p><p>EXE files normally have separate segments for the code, data, and stack. Program execution begins at address 0 of the <a href="Code_segment" title="Code segment">code segment</a>, and the stack pointer register is set to whatever value is contained in the header information (thus if the header specifies a 512 byte stack, the stack pointer is set to 200h). It is possible to not use a separate stack segment and simply use the code segment for the stack if desired.

</p><p>The DS (<a href="Data_segment" title="Data segment">data segment</a>) register normally contains the same value as the CS (code segment) register and is not loaded with the actual segment address of the data segment when an EXE file is initialized; it is necessary for the programmer to set it themselves, generally done via the following instructions:

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termination">Termination</h2></div>

<p>In the original <a href="DOS_1.x_API" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS 1.x API">DOS 1.x API</a>, it was also necessary to have the CS register pointing to the segment with the PSP at program termination; this was done via the following instructions:

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<p>Program termination would then be performed by a RETF instruction, which would retrieve the original segment address with the PSP from the stack and then jump to address 0, which contained an INT 20h instruction.

</p><p>The <a href="DOS_2.x_API" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS 2.x API">DOS 2.x API</a> introduced a new program termination function, INT 21h Function 4Ch which does not require saving the PSP segment address at the start of the program, and Microsoft advised against the use of the older DOS 1.x method.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h2></div>

<p>MZ DOS executables can be run from DOS and <a href="Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>-based operating systems. 32-bit <a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>-based operating systems can execute them using their built-in <a href="Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a> (although some graphics modes are unsupported). 64-bit versions of Windows cannot execute them. Alternative ways to run these executables include <a href="DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a> and <a href="DOSEMU" title="DOSEMU">DOSEMU</a>.

</p><p>MZ DOS executables can be created by <a href="Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linkers</a>, like <a href="Digital_Mars" title="Digital Mars">Digital Mars</a> <a href="Optlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Optlink">Optlink</a>, MS linker, VALX or <a href="Open_Watcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Watcom">Open Watcom</a>'s WLINK; additionally, <a href="FASM" title="FASM">FASM</a> can create them directly.

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<li><a href="DOS_extender" title="DOS extender">DOS extender</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_compression" title="Executable compression">Executable compression</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPaul2002" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (2002-10-07) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ">"Re: Run a COM file"</a>. <a href="Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:alt.msdos.programmer">alt.msdos.programmer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170903230312/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-03</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMatthias_Paul2002" class="citation web cs1">Matthias Paul (2002-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.lang.asm/PNOd9zfYow0/vXbab16j4XwJ">"masm .com(PSP) related trouble"</a>. <i>alt.lang.asm discussion group</i>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFEager2024" class="citation web cs1">Eager, Bob (2024-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tavi.co.uk/phobos/exeformat.html">"Notes on the format of DOS .EXE files"</a>. <i>PHOBOS reference material</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-18</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/bb985992.aspx">Inside Windows: An In-Depth Look into the Win32 Portable Executable File Format - MSDN Magazine, February 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711022043/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/bb985992.aspx">Archived</a> 2018-07-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Every PE file begins with a small MS-DOS executable. ... The first bytes of a PE file begin with the traditional MS-DOS header, called an IMAGE_DOS_HEADER. The only two values of any importance are e_magic and e_lfanew. ... The e_magic field (a WORD) needs to be set to the value 0x5A4D. ... In ASCII representation, 0x5A4D is MZ, the initials of Mark Zbikowski, one of the original architects of MS-DOS."</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.osdev.org/MZ">OSDev Wiki - MZ format details</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Executable_and_object_file_formats118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Executable" title="Executable">Executable</a> and <a href="Object_file" title="Object file">object file</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ECOFF" title="ECOFF">ECOFF</a></li>

<li><a href="XCOFF" title="XCOFF">XCOFF</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_executable_file_formats" title="Comparison of executable file formats">Comparison of formats</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)553" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating systems</a> (DOS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Comparison of DOS operating systems">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">Commands</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_DOS_games" title="Index of DOS games">Games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,<br>compatible systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1</a></li>

<li><a href="Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="SISNE_plus" title="SISNE plus">SISNE plus</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Concurrent_CP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M-86">Concurrent CP/M-86</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">Datapac System Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="NetWare_PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="NetWare PalmDOS">NetWare PalmDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Towns_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns OS">Towns OS</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="AMSDOS" title="AMSDOS">AMSDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ANDOS" title="ANDOS">ANDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">Apple ProDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple SOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_DOS_68K" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 68K">Concurrent DOS 68K</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_DOS_V60" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS V60">Concurrent DOS V60</a></li>

<li><a href="Cromemco_DOS" title="Cromemco DOS">Cromemco DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11</a></li>

<li><a href="GEMDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEMDOS">GEMDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="IDEDOS" title="IDEDOS">IDEDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li>

<li>MicroDOS</li>

<li><a href="MyDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MyDOS">MyDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="NewDos/80" title="NewDos/80">NewDos/80</a></li>

<li><a href="PTDOS" title="PTDOS">PTDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="RealDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="RealDOS">RealDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinclair_QDOS" title="Sinclair QDOS">Sinclair QDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SmartDOS">SmartDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="SpartaDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SpartaDOS">SpartaDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="SpartaDOS_X" title="SpartaDOS X">SpartaDOS X</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_Support_SuperDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Support SuperDOS">Technical Support SuperDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="TRSDOS" title="TRSDOS">TRSDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=DOS_MZ_executable&oldid=1299785796">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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